Biogas From Kino

A local factory owner running his plant of bio gas

 Kot Momin—There exists huge potential of Biogas production in the country, especially in rural areas, where the energy needs of domestic and industrial users can be met through this easily available and inexpensive source. this would also help reduce the energy shortages in the country. This was stated by the Chief Executive Officer (CEO), Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB), Mr. Arif Alauddin while briefing a team of  journalists accompanying him on a visit to local Kino Factories.

Mr. Alauddin reiterated that the existing energy crisis in the country was more serious than anticipated; in fact, that was only one dimension of the picture, considering 40% people in Pakistan are without electricity and 60% without natural gas, and yet they pay five times more than the people in urban centres to meet their energy needs.
He said that the country during the last three years made significant progress in power generation through alternative / renewable energy (ARE) resources including waste to energy / biomass. He said that private sector, local and foreign both were being facilitated for investment worth billions of dollars in ARE sectors annually, as Pakistan offered lucrative fiscal and financial incentives to investors in this sector.
He said that a World Bank funded project for carrying out detailed study for Biomass / Waste-to-Energy projects in 20 cities of Pakistan had been initiated. Technical proposals had been evaluated by AEDB, and are now awaiting the World Bank concurrence to award the project. Another Waste to Energy Study, funded by USTDA is being carried out for Karachi to generate 10 MW power. He said that AEDB had also issued a LoI to set up a 12MW Biomass to Energy power project in Sindh, based exclusively on Agricultural Waste. The project is jointly sponsored by investors from US and local entrepreneurs, the SSJD Bio Energy. Another LoI has been issued to M/s Lumen Energia Pvt Ltd. to set up an 11MW power plant at Jhang, based on Agricultural Waste like cotton stalk, rice husk, sugarcane trash / bagasse, wheat chaff and other crops as multi-fuel sources.

He further said that 85 sugar mills in Pakistan, possessing cumulative potential to generate up to 3000MW of power through Bagasse are being assisted / facilitated / encouraged to meet their power requirements through the resources already available with them. He recalled that 27 MW of Biomass / Waste to Energy plant was already operational, and PPA for 15 MW had been signed between PESCO and Al-Moiz Industries, D. I. Khan; a 7MW of Biogas / Waste to Energy projects’ PPA also signed between FESCO and Shakarganj Sugar Mills, Jhang. I addition to that 11 New Waste to Energy Projects (165 MW) awarded Generation License by NEPRA; Tariff for JDW Sugar Mills (Private) Limited, Mauza Sharin Jamaluddin Wali Rahim Yar Khan (Bagasse+Imported Coal) 80 MW granted; 14000 biogas plants are being installed through RSPN with the cost of Rs. 356 Million (Dutch Grant) in the country; 9 RDF / WTE plants are operational. 6 are in advanced stages of implementation in all the provinces.
Mr. Saleem Ranjha a senior government official, and local resident / farmer the moving spirit behind the effort to promote industrial and domestic uses of biogas in the tehseel Kot Momin has been supporting the AEDB endeavors. He told that there were around 250 registered kino factories in the area, and each of these factories requires 250-500kv of power to run a factory. And by meeting power requirements of these factories there required 6-12 mw of electricity for 5 months. By converting them on biogas the factories would not only meet their requirements through local resources but would be able to provide energy for the remaining 7 months for domestic / other uses in the area. The gas is also being used for cooking purposes, and a large number of households were now turning to biomass.
Mr. Arif said that Pakistan is the second largest cattle producing country in the world after India. AEDB along with other ARE technologies is The Sargodha district known for its milk and citrus producing potential would be provided to the local industrialists and growers. He appreciated the manufacturers of the machinery for their contribution in the RE sector.
He said that the kino sector, fetching over $100miliions’ foreign exchange to the country would be supported in adopting clean ARE technologies. He said that AEDB is looking into possibilities for quick deployment of biodiesel technology initially in Sargodha district, where besides kino chilling houses would take advantage of the technology for milk storage.
He said the residue that is left behind after processing of gas from gober (dung) is being used in the area as a fertilizer which had been giving excellent results in growth of plant / fruits.
A local factory owner running his plant of bio gas told that with a cost of only seven lacs of rupees his 200 kw generator / plant was running for 16 hours a day with a capacity of 70 heads dung. Previously, he was using 360 litre of diesel per day costing him around Rs. 36, 000 per day. Now he was saving 75% of diesel giving him a net saving of Rs. 27,000/ per day. He told that after installation of another plant of same capacity, which was under construction, he would be able to meet his 100% energy resources through biomass. He told that the fertilizer he was making had been used by farmers and found more effective than other urea /DAP.

Methane forming Bacteria

Methane-forming Bacteria


Methane-forming bacteria are known by several names (Table 3.1) and are a mor-phologically diverse group of organisms that have many shapes, growth patterns,and sizes. The bacteria can be found as individual rods, curved rods, spirals, and cocci(Figure 3.1) or grouped as irregular clusters of cells, chains of cells or filaments, and sarcina or cuboid arrangements (Figure 3.2). The range in diameter sizes of  individual cells is 0.1–15 mm. Filaments can be up to 200mm in length. Motile and
nonmotile bacteria (Figure 3.3) as well as spore-forming and non-spore-forming bacteria can be found.
Methane-forming bacteria are some of the oldest bacteria and are grouped in the domain Archaebacteria (from arachae meaning “ancient”) (Figure 3.4). The domain thrives in heat. Archaebacteria comprise all known methane-forming bacteria, the extremely halophilic bacteria, thermoacidophilic bacteria, and the extremely ther-mophilic bacteria. However, the methane-forming bacteria are different from all other bacteria. Methane-forming bacteria are oxygen-sensitive, fastidious anaerobes and are free-living terrestrial and aquatic organisms. Although methane-forming bacteria are oxygen sensitive, this is not a significant disadvantage. Methane-forming bacteria are found in habitats that are rich in degradable organic compounds. In thesehabitats, oxygen is rapidly removed through microbial activity. Many occur as symbionts in animal digestive tracts. Methane-forming bacteria also have an unusually high sulfur content: Approximately 2.5% of the total dry weight of the cell is sulfur. The of methane-forming bacteria are classified in the domain Archaebacteria because of several unique characteristics that are not found in the true bacteria or Eubacteria. These features include 1) a “nonrigid” cell wall and unique cell  membrane lipid, 2) substrate degradation that produces methane as a waste, and 3)



TABLE 3.1 Commonly Used Names for Methane-
forming Bacteria
Methanogenic bacteria
Methanogens
Methane-forming bacteria
Methane-producing bacteria


specialized coenzymes. The cell wall lacks muramic acid, and the cell membrane does not contains an ether lipid as its major constituent (Figure 3.5). Coenzymes that are unique to methane-forming bacteria are coenzyme M and the nickel-containing coenzymes F420 and F430. Coenzyme M is used to reduce carbon dioxide(CO2) to methane. The nickel-containing coenzymes are important hydrogen carriers in methane-forming bacteria.The coenzymes are metal laden organic acids that are incorporated into enzymes and allow the enzymes to work more efficiently. The coenzymes are components of energy-producing electron transfer systems that obtain energy for the bacterial cell and remove electrons from degraded substrate (Figure 3.6).

Figure 3.1 Common shapes of methane-forming bacterial cells. Commonly occurring shapes of
methane-forming bacteria include rod or bacillus (a), curved rod (b), spiral (c), and coccus or spheri-
cal (d).

Figure 3.2 Common growth patterns of methane-forming bacterial cells. Commonly occurring growth
patterns of methane-forming bacteria include an irregular cluster (a) and a filamentous chain (b).

Figure 3.2 Common growth patterns of methane-forming bacterial cells. Commonly occurring growth
patterns of methane-forming bacteria include an irregular cluster (a) and a filamentous chain (b).

Figure 3.4 Location of methane-forming bacteria on the phylogenetic tree. The phylogenetic tree
(the historical development of different life forms) contains old ( arachae ) life forms closest to the base
of the tree, while new life forms closest to the end of the branches. The tree contains the domains
Thermopiles, Archaea, Eubacteria (true bacteria), and the Eucarya (higher life forms). The methane-
forming bacteria are found closest to the base of the tree.

Figure 3.5 Cell wall of methane-forming bacteria. The cell wall of methane-forming bacteria (a) does
not contain muramic acid, while the cell of other bacteria (b) contains varying amounts of muramic
acid.

Farming for a higher purpose in Pakistan

Biogas facility at Zacky Farms, Near Lahore, Pakistan (Photo by Saleem H. Ali)

The fertile alluvium deposited by the mighty Indus river and its tributaries in Pakistan have given the country’s demographic heartland of Punjab an agrarian edge. Yet, errant canal planning and over-pumping from tube-wells have degraded vast tracts of land. Salinity and water-logging afflicts around 6.3 million hectares of land and an additional 4,000 hectare of land gets affected every year (estimates from University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan, November 2011). Climate change and conflicts over hydroelectric impoundment infrastructure have also made the arable lands of the country further vulnerable to flooding, as we saw in the epic floods of 2010 when an estimated 20 million people were displaced.
Amidst all these challenges to the farming economy of the country, there are glimmers of hope that Pakistan’s elite are trying to reconnect with the land in sincere and innovative ways. During my last trip to Lahore – the capital of Punjab province and Pakistan’s second-largest city (after Karachi), I was heartened to see urbanites retreating to farms in the surrounding countryside. Previously such farms were merely ornamental playgrounds of wealthy families but now there is a growing interest in these ranks to reconnect with the earth for societal good.
Zacky Farms, just outside Lahore, is the brainchild of Zafar Khan, a Caltech-educated software engineer who runs one of the most successful information technology companies in Pakistan named Sofizar. What started off as a recreational venture is now a side-business supplying sustainably produced organic milk, vegetables and meat to nearby Lahore suburbs. The farm is modeled on a cyclical model of minimal wastes and multiple product usage. The cows are fed pesticide-free oats, clover and grass and their manure is used to fuela biogas plant which runs the dairy facility. In an era of electricity load-shedding, such an alternative source of energy at a local industrial scale is immensely valuable to replicate as a development path. The residue of the biogas is used to fertigate the fodder fields and vegetable tunnels, which along with green manuring obviates the use of fertilizers. Free-range chickens grace the fields and there is even a fish farm on site. Zafar and his Ukrainian-born wife are committed to sharing their experiences with other farming entrepreneurs in the country.
Further south in a more rural and remote part of Punjab, famed writer and erstwhile lawyer, Daniyal Mueenudin, maintains a mid-size farm which is exemplifying other kinds of innovations. The farm does not boast ecological farming practices, apart from tunnel farming that can help with land conservation and humidity control. However, Daniyal has changed the social landscape of his area through implementing a “living wage” for all his employees. Noting the high level of inequality in Pakistan’s hinterland, the Yale-educated former director of the university’s Lowenstein Human Rights Clinic, is practicing what he preached. He also owns a farm in Wisconsin and could have a comfortable life in the States but his social obligations keep him ensconced in Pakistan for most of the year.
Raising the wage several-fold for works and farm manager, and also offering bonus incentives for performance, has led to positive competition that can help to erode the feudal levels of income disparity which exist in this part of Pakistan. At the same time, Daniyal is also committed to providing new livelihood paths for the agrarian workers as automation reduces farm employment in some areas. He has has fully funded a school and provided a merit-based scholarship for advanced degrees to students from the nearby village. One of the children from this school (the first in her family to even go to school) is now making his way through medical school in Lahore!
Zafar and Daniyal’s stories of commitment to constructive farming for social and ecological good may appear to be outliers but they are catching on and provide hope to a country which is all too often shadowed by despair.  In the suburbs of Islamabad, tax incentives and planning rules to encourage farming by urbanites are leading to a growing culture of reconnecting with the land in residential farms. In rural areas, the disaster caused by the floods of 2010 brought forth numerous aid agencies with new ideas for sustainable farming. The Pakistani diaspora, often known in the West for professions ranging from taxi-driving to engineering, may well find opportunities for reconnecting to their land in far more literal ways.  With growing commitment from land-owners it just might be possible to use the existential shock of recent natural disasters that have befallen the country into a proverbial opportunity for positive change.
Source:http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2012/02/23/farming-pakistan/

Poo-Powered Car Gets a Spin around Bristol

The UK’s  first people-powered VW Beetle has taken to the streets of Bristol, in what has been hailed as a breakthrough in the drive to encourage sustainable power. Wonder what? Methane as a source of automotive propulsion isn’t exactly a new concept, but it’s taken manufacturers a long time to figure out how to clean it up enough to let it power an engine long-term.

Poo-Powered Car Gets a Spin around Bristol

GENeco thinks they have figured it out and has presented this Volkswagen Beetle as proof of concept. Dubbed the “Bio-Bug,” it basically runs on human excrement.
The Bio-Bug is a conventional 2 litre VW Beetle convertible, which has been modified to run on both conventional fuel and compressed methane gas.
The car is started using unleaded petrol but automatically switches to methane when the engine is “up to temperature”. If the methane tank runs out the Bio-Bug reverts to petrol.
Waste flushed down the toilets of just 70 homes inBristolis enough to power the Bio-Bug for a year, based on an annual mileage of 10,000 miles.
With support from the South West Regional Development Agency, GENeco, a Wessex Water company, imported specialist equipment to treat gas generated atBristolsewage treatment works in Avonmouth to power the VW Beetle in a way that doesn’t affect its performance.
Countries including India and China use compressed natural gas (CNG) to power vehicles and a number of companies in the UK are now using CNG mainly to fuel buses and commercial vehicles. But using biogas from sewage sludge is yet to take off in theUKdespite a significant amount being produced everyday at sewage plants around the country.
To use biogas as vehicle fuel without affecting vehicle performance or reliability, the gas needs to be treated under a process called biogas upgrading. It involves carbon dioxide being separated from the biogas using specialist equipment.
If all the biogas produced at Avonmouth was converted to run cars, it would avoid around 19,000 tonnes of CO2. Good thought, right?

2004 Volkswagen Beetle Bio Bug

Biogas PPT

1. BIOGAS: A FIT OPTION FOR RURAL ENERGY

   web.iitd.ac.in/~vkvijay/Biogas%20Technology.ppt

   File Format: Microsoft Powerpoint -
   BIOGAS TECHNOLOGY: A FIT OPTION FOR RURAL ENERGY. Dr. Virendra Kumar Vijay. IIT DELHI. INTRODUCTION. Biogas is clean environment friendly fuel ...
2. 
   

ACETATE-FORMING BACTERIA and SULFATE-REDUCING BACTERIA

ACETATE-FORMING BACTERIA

Acetate-forming (acetogenic) bacteria grow in a symbiotic relationship with methane-forming bacteria. Acetate serves as a substrate for methane-forming bacteria. For example, when ethanol (CH3CH2OH) is converted to acetate, carbon dioxide is used and acetate and hydrogen are produced (Equation 2.3).
CH3CH2OH + CO2 Æ CH3COOH+ 2H2 (2.3)
When acetate-forming bacteria produce acetate, hydrogen also is produced. If the hydrogen accumulates and significant hydrogen pressure occurs, the pressure results in termination of activity of acetate-forming bacteria and lost of acetate  production. However, methane-forming bacteria utilize hydrogen in the production
of methane (Equation 2.4) and significant hydrogen pressure does not occur.  CO2+ 4H2 Æ CH4+ 2H2 O (2.4)
Acetate-forming bacteria are obligate hydrogen producers and survive only at very low concentrations of hydrogen in the environment. They can only survive if their metabolic waste—hydrogen—is continuously removed. This is achieved in their symbiotic relationship with hydrogen-utilizing bacteria or methane-forming
bacteria. Acetogenic bacteria reproduce very slowly. Generation time for these organisms is usually greater than 3 days.


 SULFATE-REDUCING BACTERIA 
Sulfate-reducing bacteria also are found in anaerobic digesters along with acetate forming bacteria and methane-forming bacteria. If sulfates are present, sulfate-
reducing bacteria such as Desulfovibrio desulfuricans multiply. Their multiplication or reproduction often requires the use of hydrogen and acetate—the same substrates used by methane-forming bacteria (Figure 2.2).When sulfate is used to degrade an organic compound, sulfate is reduced to hydrogen sulfide. Hydrogen is needed to reduce sulfate to hydrogen sulfide. The need for hydrogen results in competition for hydrogen between two bacterial groups, sulfate-reducing bacteria and methane-producing bacteria. When sulfate-reducing bacteria and methane-producing bacteria compete for hydrogen and acetate, sulfate-reducing bacteria obtain hydrogen and acetate more easily than methane-forming bacteria under low-acetate concentrations. At substrate-to-sulfate ratios <2, sulfate-reducing bacteria out-compete methane-forming
bacteria for acetate. At substrate-to-sulfate ratios between 2 and 3, competition is very intense between the two bacterial groups. At substrate-to-sulfate ratios >3,methane-forming bacteria are favored. The hydrogen sulfide produced by sulfate-reducing bacteria has a greater inhibitory effect at low concentrations on methane-forming bacteria and acetate forming bacteria than on acid-forming bacteria.
Biogas Plant

Aerobic and Anaerobic Bacteria

Aerobic and Anaerobic Bacteria

At least 300 different species of bacteria are found in the feces of a single individual. Most of these bacteria are strict anaerobes. The majority of the remaining bacteria are facultative anaerobes. Escherichia coli is a common facultative anaerobe in feces.Bacteria from fecal wastes as well as hundreds of soil and water bacteria that enter a conveyance system through inflow and infiltration (I/I) are found in the influent of municipal wastewater treatment processes. For the purpose of this text, bacteria that are commonly found in wastewater treatment processes are divided into groups according to 1) their response to free molecular oxygen (O2) and 2) their enzymatic ability to degrade substrate in the anaerobic digester.



RESPONSE TO FREE MOLECULAR OXYGEN
Bacteria may be divided further into three groups according to their response to free molecular oxygen (Table 2.1). These groups are 1) strict aerobes, 2) facultative anaerobes, and 3) anaerobes, including the methane-forming bacteria. Strict aerobes are active and degrade substrate only in the presence of free molecular oxygen. These organisms are present in relatively large numbers in aerobic fixed-film processes, for example, trickling filters, and aerobic suspended-growth processes, for example, activated sludge. In the presence of free molecular oxygen they perform significant roles in the degradation of wastes. However, strict aerobes die in an anaerobic digester in which free molecular oxygen is absent. Facultative anaerobes are active in the presence or absence of free molecular oxygen. If present, free molecular oxygen is used for enzymatic activity and thedegradation of wastes. If free molecular oxygen is absent, another molecule, for example, nitrate ion (NO3–), is used to degrade wastes such as methanol (CH3OH) (Equation 2.1). When nitrate ions are used, denitrification occurs and dinitrogen gas(N) is produced.

groups of bacteria

groups of anaerobic Bacteria

 Most bacteria within fixed-film processes and suspended growth processes are facultative anaerobes, and these organisms also perform many significant roles in the degradation of wastes. Approximately 80% of the bacteria within these aerobic processes are facultative anaerobes. These organisms are found in relatively large numbers not only in aerobic processes but also in anaerobic processes. During the degradation of wastes within an anaerobic digester, facultative anaerobic bacteria, for example, Enterobacter spp., produce a variety of acids and alcohols, carbon dioxide (CO2), and hydrogen from carbohydrates, lipids, and pro-
teins. Some organisms, for example, Escherichia coli , produce malodorous compounds such as indole and skatole.Anaerobes are inactive in the presence of free molecular oxygen and may be divided into two subgroups: oxygen-tolerant species and oxygen-intolerant species or strict anaerobes (Table 2.2). Some anaerobes are strong acid producers, such as,Streptococcus spp., whereas other anaerobes, such as  Desulfomarculum spp., reduce sulfate (SO42) to hydrogen sulfide (H2S) (Equation 2.2). Although oxygen tolerant anaerobes survive in the presence of free molecular oxygen, these organisms cannot perform normal cellular activities, including the degradation of substrate, in the presence of free molecular oxygen. Strict anaerobes, including methane-forming bacteria, die in the presence of free molecular oxygen.

 These organisms include facultative anaerobes that ferment simple, soluble organic compounds and strict anaerobes that ferment complex proteins and carbohydrates.The products of fermentation vary greatly depending on the bacteria involved in the fermentative process. Therefore, changes in operational conditions that result in changes in dominant bacteria also result in changes in the concentrations of acids and alcohols that are produced during fermentation. Changes in the concentrations of acids and alcohols significantly change the substrates available for methane forming bacteria, their activity, and, consequently, digester performance. Most strict anaerobes are scavengers. These organisms are found where anaerobic conditions exist in lakes, river bottoms, human intestinal tracts, and anaerobic digesters. Anaerobes survive and degrade substrate most efficiently when the oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) of their environment is between –200 and –400 millivolts (mV). Any amount of dissolved oxygen in an anaerobic digester raises the ORP of the sludge and discourages anaerobic activity including hydrolysis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis. Therefore, sludges and wastewaters fed to an anaeroic digester should have no molecular oxygen. Settled and thickened sludges usually do not have a residual dissolved oxygen concentration. These sludges typically have a low ORP (–100 to –300 mV).The ORP of a wastewater or sludge can be obtained by using an electrometric pH meter with a millivolt scale and an ORP probe. The ORP of a wastewater or sludge is measured on the millivolt scale of the pH meter. The ORP is a measurement of the relative amounts of oxidized materials, such
as nitrate ions (NO3) and sulfate ions (SO42), and reduced materials, such as ammonium ions (NH4+) (Table 2.3). At ORP values greater than +50 mV, free molecular oxygen is available in the wastewater or sludge and may be used by aerobes and facultative anaerobes for the degradation of organic compounds. This  degradation occurs under an oxic condition. At ORP values between +50 and –50 mV, free molecular oxygen is not available but nitrate ions or nitrite ions (NO2) are available for the degradation of organic compounds. The degradation of organic compounds without free molecular oxygen is an anaerobic condition. The use of nitrate ions or nitrite ions occurs under an anoxic condition and is referred to as denitrification, clumping, and rising sludge in the secondary clarifier of an activated sludge process.  At ORP values less than –50 mV, nitrate ions and nitrite ions are not available but sulfate ions are available for the degradation of organic compounds. This degradation also occurs without free molecular oxygen. When sulfate is used to degrade organic compounds, sulfate is reduced and hydrogen sulfide is formed along with a variety of acids and alcohols. At ORP values less than –100 mV, the degradation of organic compounds proceeds as one portion of the compound is reduced while another portion of the compound is oxidized. This form of anaerobic degradation of organic compounds is commonly known as mixed-acid fermentation because a mixture of acids, for example, acetate, butyrate, formate, and propionate, are produced. A mixture of
alcohols is also produced during fermentation. At ORP values less than –300 mV, anaerobic degradation of organic compounds and methane production occur. During methane production, simple organic compounds such as acetate are converted to methane, and carbon dioxide and hydrogen are combined to form methane.

oxidation reduction potential and cellular activity

Methane-forming Bacteria

At least 300 different species of bacteria are found in the feces of a single individual. Most of these bacteria are strict anaerobes. The majority of the remaining bacteria are facultative anaerobes. Escherichia coli is a common facultative anaerobe in feces.Bacteria from fecal wastes as well as hundreds of soil and water bacteria that
enter a conveyance system through inflow and infiltration (I/I) are found in the influent of municipal wastewater treatment processes. For the purpose of this text, bacteria that are commonly found in wastewater treatment processes are divided into groups according to 1) their response to free molecular oxygen (O2) and 2) their enzymatic ability to degrade substrate in the anaerobic digester.

RESPONSE TO FREE MOLECULAR OXYGEN
Bacteria may be divided further into three groups according to their response to free molecular oxygen (Table 2.1). These groups are 1) strict aerobes, 2) facultative anaerobes, and 3) anaerobes, including the methane-forming bacteria. Strict aerobes are active and degrade substrate only in the presence of free molecular oxygen. These organisms are present in relatively large numbers in aerobic fixed-film processes, for example, trickling filters, and aerobic suspended-growth processes, for example, activated sludge. In the presence of free molecular oxygen they perform significant roles in the degradation of wastes. However, strict aerobes die in an anaerobic digester in which free molecular oxygen is absent. Facultative anaerobes are active in the presence or absence of free molecular oxygen. If present, free molecular oxygen is used for enzymatic activity and thedegradation of wastes. If free molecular oxygen is absent, another molecule, for example, nitrate ion (NO3–), is used to degrade wastes such as methanol (CH3OH) (Equation 2.1). When nitrate ions are used, denitrification occurs and dinitrogen gas(N) is produced.

groups of bacteria

groups of anaerobic Bacteria

 Most bacteria within fixed-film processes and suspended growth processes are facultative anaerobes, and these organisms also perform many significant roles in the degradation of wastes. Approximately 80% of the bacteria within these aerobic processes are facultative anaerobes. These organisms are found in relatively large numbers not only in aerobic processes but also in anaerobic processes. During the degradation of wastes within an anaerobic digester, facultative anaerobic bacteria, for example, Enterobacter spp., produce a variety of acids and alcohols, carbon dioxide (CO2), and hydrogen from carbohydrates, lipids, and pro-
teins. Some organisms, for example, Escherichia coli , produce malodorous compounds such as indole and skatole.Anaerobes are inactive in the presence of free molecular oxygen and may be divided into two subgroups: oxygen-tolerant species and oxygen-intolerant species or strict anaerobes (Table 2.2). Some anaerobes are strong acid producers, such as,Streptococcus spp., whereas other anaerobes, such as  Desulfomarculum spp., reduce sulfate (SO42) to hydrogen sulfide (H2S) (Equation 2.2). Although oxygen tolerant anaerobes survive in the presence of free molecular oxygen, these organisms cannot perform normal cellular activities, including the degradation of substrate, in the presence of free molecular oxygen. Strict anaerobes, including methane-forming bacteria, die in the presence of free molecular oxygen.

 These organisms include facultative anaerobes that ferment simple, soluble organic compounds and strict anaerobes that ferment complex proteins and carbohydrates.The products of fermentation vary greatly depending on the bacteria involved in the fermentative process. Therefore, changes in operational conditions that result in changes in dominant bacteria also result in changes in the concentrations of acids and alcohols that are produced during fermentation. Changes in the concentrations of acids and alcohols significantly change the substrates available for methane forming bacteria, their activity, and, consequently, digester performance. Most strict anaerobes are scavengers. These organisms are found where anaerobic conditions exist in lakes, river bottoms, human intestinal tracts, and anaerobic digesters. Anaerobes survive and degrade substrate most efficiently when the oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) of their environment is between –200 and –400 millivolts (mV). Any amount of dissolved oxygen in an anaerobic digester raises the ORP of the sludge and discourages anaerobic activity including hydrolysis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis. Therefore, sludges and wastewaters fed to an anaeroic digester should have no molecular oxygen. Settled and thickened sludges usually do not have a residual dissolved oxygen concentration. These sludges typically have a low ORP (–100 to –300 mV).The ORP of a wastewater or sludge can be obtained by using an electrometric pH meter with a millivolt scale and an ORP probe. The ORP of a wastewater or sludge is measured on the millivolt scale of the pH meter. The ORP is a measurement of the relative amounts of oxidized materials, such
as nitrate ions (NO3) and sulfate ions (SO42), and reduced materials, such as ammonium ions (NH4+) (Table 2.3). At ORP values greater than +50 mV, free molecular oxygen is available in the wastewater or sludge and may be used by aerobes and facultative anaerobes for the degradation of organic compounds. This  degradation occurs under an oxic condition. At ORP values between +50 and –50 mV, free molecular oxygen is not available but nitrate ions or nitrite ions (NO2) are available for the degradation of organic compounds. The degradation of organic compounds without free molecular oxygen is an anaerobic condition. The use of nitrate ions or nitrite ions occurs under an anoxic condition and is referred to as denitrification, clumping, and rising sludge in the secondary clarifier of an activated sludge process.  At ORP values less than –50 mV, nitrate ions and nitrite ions are not available but sulfate ions are available for the degradation of organic compounds. This degradation also occurs without free molecular oxygen. When sulfate is used to degrade organic compounds, sulfate is reduced and hydrogen sulfide is formed along with a variety of acids and alcohols. At ORP values less than –100 mV, the degradation of organic compounds proceeds as one portion of the compound is reduced while another portion of the compound is oxidized. This form of anaerobic degradation of organic compounds is commonly known as mixed-acid fermentation because a mixture of acids, for example, acetate, butyrate, formate, and propionate, are produced. A mixture of
alcohols is also produced during fermentation. At ORP values less than –300 mV, anaerobic degradation of organic compounds and methane production occur. During methane production, simple organic compounds such as acetate are converted to methane, and carbon dioxide and hydrogen are combined to form methane.

oxidation reduction potential and cellular activity

figure 2.1

ENZYMATIC ABILITY TO DEGRADE SUBSTRATE
Bacteria degrade substrate through the use of enzymes. Enzymes are proteinaceous molecules that catalyze biochemical reactions. Two types of enzymes are involved in substrate degradation—endoenzymes and exoenzymes (Figure 2.1). Endoenzymes are produced in the cell and degrade soluble substrate within the
cell. Exoenzymes also are produced in the cell but are released through the “slime”coating the cell to the insoluble substrate attached to the slime. Once in contact with the substrate the exoenzyme solubilizes particulate and colloidal substrates. Once solubilized, these substrates enter the cell and are degraded by endoenzymes. The
production of exoenzymes and solubilization of particulate and colloidal substrates
usually take several hours.
All bacteria produce endoenzymes, but not all bacteria produce exoenzymes. No
bacterium produces all the exoenzymes that are needed to degrade the large variety
of particulate and colloidal substrates that are found in sludges and wastewaters
(Table 2.4). Each exoenzyme as well as each endoenzyme degrades only a specific
substrate or group of substrates. Therefore, a large and diverse community of bac-
teria is needed to ensure that the proper types of exoenzymes and endoenzymes
are available for degradation of the substrates present.
The relative abundance of bacteria within an anaerobic digester often is greater
than 10
16
cells per milliliter. This population consists of saccharolytic bacteria
(~10
8
cells/ml), proteolytic bacteria (~10
6
cells/ml), lipolytic bacteria (~10
5
cells/ml),
and methane-forming bacteria (~10
8
cells/ml).
There are three important bacterial groups in anaerobic digesters with respect
to the substrates utilized by each group. These groups include the acetate-forming
(acetogenic) bacteria, the sulfate-reducing bacteria, and the methane-forming
bacteria. The acetate-forming bacteria and sulfate-reducing bacteria are reviewed
in this chapter, and the methane-forming bacteria are reviewed in Chapter 3.

How A 32-Year-Old Deltan Built Biogas Plant

How A 32-Year-Old Deltan Built Biogas Plant

BY SUNDAY EGEDE
TO the uninformed mind, the concept of generating wealth from waste is an absolute impossibility; a myth that cannot be achieved or realized. The uninformed people in the society who do not understand the mechanics of science and technology hold on tenaciously to their belief that nothing good could come out from anything called waste. However, in recent time, there has been a dramatic shift in thought about what was usually considered waste.
Through scientific engineering process, wastes are now seen as means of solving myriads of socio-economic problems confronting man in his daily life. For instance, waste from farms, kitchen and animals (including human-beings) could be used for generating energy for cooking, heating, pumping water, driving machinery and generating electricity among others.
Only recently a 32-year-old Delta State born Engr. Ifeanyi Aghaulor singlehandedly built a biogas plant at his residence in Boji-Boji Owa, Ika North-East Local Government Area of the state using kitchen waste. In an interview with The POINTER on his outstanding technological breakthrough, Engr. Aghaulor who defined biogas technology as the use of biological process in the absence of oxygen for the breakdown of organic matter into biogas and high quality fertilizer, said biogas is a combustible mixture of methane and carbon dioxide.

He disclosed that the process, also, eliminates organisms that cause disease in human beings and animals, adding that biogas technology is a ‘carbon neutral process. Potentially, he said, this technology is a significant and profitable way of reducing global climate change. “The gas is odourless and it burns with a clear blue flame without smoke and it is non-toxic” the Bio-Technologist stated, noting that the biogas plant produces more heat than kerosene, wood, charcoal, cow-dung chips and saw dust.
Explaining the mechanics of the technology, Engr. Aghaulor disclosed that biogas technology is carried out using a biological engine known as biogas plants which help to maintain conditions for natural biological process to take place optimally to yield the desired results. According to him, a biogas plant consists of the bioreactor, gas storage vessel and the utility points, adding that once the process begins, it would continue indefinitely as long as wastes are added daily or weekly depending on the optimum conditions into the biogas plant and temperature maintained.
On the sustainability of the technology, the Bio-Technologist who is a graduate of Mechanical Engineering from Obafemi Awolowo University (OAU), Ile-Ife, said “it is quite simple” even as he disclosed that the material components and technical requirements for the implementation of the engineering project are readily available. “The utilities for the operation of biogas technology are wastes which are free, cheap and in abundance. There is no requirement for the addition of chemicals”, he further stated, pointing out that maintenance of the technology is very cheap.
While saying that the life span of biogas plants ranges from 10-30 years, Engr. Aghaulor observed that the investment is worthwhile and highly profitable. Continuing, he said N480,000 was spent in the research and development of the biogas plant, adding that it would cost N60,000 to build a family size biogas. “Waste which is usually a burden to the people and the government are now free for utilization as cooking gas thereby replacing firewood, kerosene and saw dust”, the Engineer added.
The kind of wastes used, according to him, determines the size of the plant and the amount of biogas produced, saying that biogas plants are customized and installed based on local and site conditions/requirements just as he disclosed that both skilled engineers and unskilled personnel like Mechanical Engineers, Electrical/Electronics Engineers, Civil Engineers, Plumbers, Painters, Welders and Bricklayers were needed in the installation of a gas plant.
According to him, the uses of biogas technology are quite enormous, adding that if well installed, it reduces the demand for firewood, thereby mitigating deforestation. He equally added that biogas contributes to the global reduction of greenhouse gas emissions as a result of the fact that the process involved is carbon neutral.
Engr. Aghaulor stated further that the government can use biogas technology to contribute to their own development objectives of solving problems in public waste disposal and water treatment. He maintained that biogas technology has the potentials of increasing agricultural production and enhancing employment generation as well as substituting imports of fossil fuel and fertilizer.
He listed the needed materials for the construction of an average family size biogas plant to include plastic containers for biodigester and hydrolysis of the organic waste; galvanized steel for storage; max-min thermometer; plank; fiber materials; paint; manometers for pressure gauge; plumbing accessories and fittings; grease; spring scale; hydrometer; sludge storage and water condensation trap, adding the materials could be sourced locally.
The Bio-Technologist who noted that biogas technology is a low cost substitute for firewood, said that biogas plant is simple to build and operate, adding that it does not require major maintenance for 25 years of the digester life span. “Servicing may not, also, be required as long as guidelines for operations are followed”, he stated, pointing out that biogas technology was a clever way of exploiting nature without destroying it.
With the increasing population and energy demand in the country, Engr. Aghaulor said, the dream of attaining food security, poverty eradication and environmental management in line with the Millennium Development Goals, can be easily achieved by harnessing the power of the biogas technology. He, therefore, appealed for assistance from the Delta State Government and well meaning Nigerians to enable him spread the technology in the state and beyond.
source:http://thepointernewsonline.com/?p=3541

A resident of Kapasia, Bangladesh, shows off one of the area's new biogas units. ALERTNET/Mushfique Wadud

Biogas expansion protecting incomes, forests in rural Bangladesh

Source: alertnet // Mushfique Wadud

By Mushfique Wadud
KAPASIA, Bangladesh- For Amirunnisa Begum, cooking has become much less burdensome now that she doesn’t have to struggle with smoke from the wood she used to burn on her old stove.
Begum, 50, never enjoyed using the wood-fired cooker that filled her whole house with smoke. But like most residents of Kapasia, a sub-district of Gazipur, 130km northeast of the Bangladeshi capital Dhaka, she had little choice as natural gas is not available in the area.
But her options changed when a local representative of the state-run Infrastructure Development Company Limited (IDCOL) came and spoke to the community about using biogas as a clean-energy alternative to wood and oil.
“Cooking is much easier now as I can cook in a smoke-free atmosphere,” Begum told AlertNet. “It is also saving my monthly expenses on firewood and kerosene, and I am happy as I am doing something for the environment.” 
Begum uses dung from her four cows to produce gas in a small, domestic biogas digester she has installed just outside her house.

It consists of two containers – one fed with a mix of manure and water each day, and another where the resulting biogas collects. With the gas, she can cook three meals a day for her six-member household.
Methane, released from manure, is a potent driver of climate change, and one way of curbing its harmful impact is to capture the greenhouse gas to produce biofuel.
Using this for cooking – and in some cases for heating and lighting too – can also help prevent deforestation, as there is less need for fuel wood. That keeps carbon stored in trees that would otherwise be cut down and burned.
Nazmul Haque Faisal, assistant director of IDCOL, said domestic biogas plants are changing rural lives in Bangladesh, and are a key tool for meeting household energy demand.
Solar power is another growing clean energy source for rural communities, who are looking for alternatives to increasingly expensive firewood and kerosene.
LOANS FOR INSTALLATION
Only a tiny fraction - around 3 percent - of Bangladeshis, mainly inhabitants of major cities, have a gas supply piped into their homes. But many rural families own manure-producing cows and poultry, which means biogas has huge potential for them, Faisal said.
The high cost of wood and kerosene has left rural households struggling to afford the energy they need, with many using up a large part of their income to buy fuel.
Begum said the same amount of firewood she paid 80 Bangladeshi Taka ($0.95) for just one year ago now costs Tk 120 ($1.43). The price of kerosene has nearly doubled from Tk 30 ($0.36) per litre in 2006 to Tk 56 ($0.67) today.
Bulbul Fokir, 35, another biogas producer in the area, said the gas is saving him the monthly Tk 2,000 ($23.87) he used to spend on fuel.
According to officials, constructing a domestic biogas plant costs around Tk 30,000 ($356), of which IDCOL provides an investment subsidy of Tk 9,000 ($107) per household.
If families don’t have the money to cover the upfront investment, they can repay it in instalments. Grameen Shakti and other microcredit organisations provide loans that make the biogas installations more affordable for villagers.
Bulbul said the biomass residue produced in making the gas can be also used as fertiliser, reducing the need to buy commercial products.
Forida Yesmin, a local official for Grameen Shakti, noted that in the early days, people had misconceptions about biogas. They thought it would contaminate their dwellings and food with a bad smell, or cause explosions.
But statistics suggest the organisation has been successful in convincing families of the advantages. The number of biogas users in Gazipur district has increased from around 200 in 2010 to 450 now, according to Yesmin.
CURBING FOREST LOSS
Nonetheless, local forests are still suffering because people not yet using biogas gather firewood there for their conventional stoves, she said.
“If we can make people aware and they use biogas, the nearby forest can be saved,” said biogas enthusiast Begum, admitting that she too used to collect wood in the vicinity of her home.
Bangladesh’s forest coverage has dwindled to only 9 percent, according to government statistics.
The U.S. government aid agency, USAID,  believes the problem is even worse, and 95 percent of Bangladesh’s natural forests have been lost or degraded. The South Asian nation now has among the smallest areas of protected and intact forest in the world, at 1.4 percent of its landmass.
But the government is hoping its six-year National Domestic Biogas and Manure Programme - which began in 2006 and will end in December 2012 - can help curb that rate of loss.
POVERTY REDUCTION
According to IDCOL’s Faisal, some 21,700 biogas plants had been built by December 2011, and the aim is to bring the total to 36,279 by December this year.
To roll out the $19 million initiative across the country, the government is working with 38 partners, including lending, construction and manufacturing organisations. They also train local people in using biogas and field workers in motivating communities to adopt biofuel.
In addition, the programme is running a nationwide awareness-raising campaign to help people understand the benefits of biogas and the process of installing a domestic plant, by means of posters, leaflets, television and radio.
“We are emphasising biogas as we believe it will help poverty reduction,” Faisal explained.
That wider goal will be achieved through savings on energy costs, higher agriculture production from the use of bio-slurry as fertiliser, empowering women though their participation in the programme, improved health from cleaner cooking, and better sanitation where toilets are built that connect with the bio-digesters.
“It also provides opportunities for local employment,” added Faisal.
Mushfique Wadud is a Dhaka-based journalist with Bangladesh's English language daily, New Age This story is part of a series supported by the Climate and Development Knowledge Network.

Bio- gas Plant Feeding

Bio- gas Plant Feeding

Three main cycle components as in full agriculture system are crop  farming, bio - gas plant and animal products. Each provides direct economic benefit to agriculture.

Biogas  -  Provides  energy to household uses Provides  organic fertilizer to improve the soil or for merchandise.

Mixing:  the water and dung mixture should be in the ration of 1:1.Stirring should be done well  to help  in  mixing the manure with the water. Proper mixing determines the functionali ty of the digester and production of the gas. 

NB: During the rainy season, the right slurry density should be attained.

Animal excrement : daily quantity of dung    added must be sufficient, if too much or too little is added, very little or no gas will be  produced as the bacteria does not have sufficient time to break down the manure.
Temperature: the effective temperature for bacteria to grow is 37C 
 If higher or lower than the suggested the bacteria will not develop, decreasing gas production.  The dig ester should not be constructed under tree shades. 

PH  Balance: A pH between 7- 8.5 is optimal. If below the suggested pH, gas will not be
produced . Ensure that the substrate fed is not too acidic or too basic. 

BIOGAS TECHNOLOGY

BIOGAS TECHNOLOGY

Biogas is  the  gas generated when bacteria degrade biological materials in  the absence of oxygen, in a process known as anaerobic digestion. Biog as is a mixture of methane (also known as marsh gas or natural gas, CH4) and carbon dioxide. It is a renewable   fuel which has for a long while (time) been  produced from organic waste treatment .

Biogas Diagram

 GENERAL OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE . 

1.  Ensure the feed material is homogeneous (thoroughly mixed with water)   preferably at 1:1ratio,  before releasing into the digester. This will reduce the chances of settling substances along the inlet flow line.  
2. Ensure the particles are as tiny as possible to increase the surface area for bacterial action.( This   may imply crushing of lumps and other huge particles)  or use of soft dung which has not been left to dry for a  long time .
3. Antiseptics, pesticides and detergents should be avoided at all costs .
4. Non- digestible materials should be avoided during feeding of the plant hence there should be proper selection when using other different feeds for the digester apart from cow dung. 
5. Fittings and other accessories should be well fitted to avoid leakages.  (Gas outlet, water traps and valves should be occasionally checked for leakages).
6. Clean the overflow once in two weeks time to avoid blockage of the expansion chamber.
7. After using stove, valve must be closed and switch on the stove must be turned off. If only valve is closed it may cause rust on the switch. Grease the switch occasionally, and do not let it dry. Change a new switch when damaged as stove has been long used- Collins is this clear? 

General Rules in Bio - gas Uses 
In a new chamber, gas  produced after animal dung has been first added must be vented as it cannot be used. It should be vented 2 - 3 times or until gas becomes flammable.
Use manometer to check magnitude before using gas. Pressure should be at 10- 80 cm.
Do not leave valve opened when not in use. If pipe or hose is damaged, gas may leak and cause a fire.
Light should be lit closely at the head of burner before opening the valve. If the valve is
opened first, gas may come out exceedingly and is dangerous.
Do not use igniter to lighten the  stove because bio- gas is a slowly flammable passive gas.

Biogas Diagram 2

Close valve immediately and open windows and doors for ventilation. Do not fire until there is no more gas leaking. 

•  Expansion chamber unit  
• Gas piping
•  Accessories depending on the size of the plant installed

Always clean the burner by removing the head burner and pushing through the holes with a sharp wooden stick, wire or nail so that gas will flow out easily. Use a wire brush to get rid of sediment. Later scrub the rust or dirtiness out. 

• For a stove with built -in cooking vessel built into the stove, rem ove the tray under the stove to clean. 
•   When stove is being used, open valve in the kitchen first and set fire prepared at burner then turn on the switch of stove last. 
• Flame should come out from each hole of the burner head evenly, pale blue flame indicates clean burner but red flame indicates presence of sediment. 

Biogas burner

 

Video | tubular biogas technology

Responding to change: tubular biogas technology

The communal tubular bio-gas project is an example of a low-cost, climate-smart initiative being undertaken by rural communities in Kenya to build their resilience to climate change. These initiatives often have far-reaching social benefits for the communities.

Biogas dome constructions Photo

Biogas dome constructions Photo

Biogas dome constructions Photo

Photo Gallery of Biogas Plant

Biogas plant 

BiogasPlant PDF from gtz.de

1. [PDF] 
   

   Biogas Digest Volume III - Biogas - Costs and Benefits and Biogas ...

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   Costs of a Biogas Plant . ... Economic effects of biogas plants . ...... Before a biogas plant is built or a biogas program is implemented, a techno-economic ...
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   Biogas Digest, Volume I: Biogas Basics

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   Biogas Digest, Volume II: Biogas - Application and Product ...

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   Planning a biogas plant . .... Biogas Plant Types and Design. ..... Step-by-Step Planning Checklist for Biogas Plants ...................................................................... 38 ...
   
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   Gasifying of Wood

   www.gtz.de/.../gtz2010-en-small-scale-electricity-generation-from-bi...

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   There are already millions of biogas plants in operation throughout the world. ... plants; conversion of biogas to electricity has become a standard technology.
5. [PDF] 
   

   Biogas Digest Volume IV - Biogas – Country Reports

   www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/en-biogas-volume4.pdf

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   The first biogas plant (floating dome type) was constructed in 1972. Till now (1997) there have completed around 6000 biogas plants in Bangladesh. The Local ...
6. [PDF] 
   

   Technology Review of biogas sanitation - Deutsche Gesellschaft für ...

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   14 Jul 2010 – Construction of fixed dome household biogas plants for animal manure, which .... case the design and volume of a biogas plant system should ...
7. [PDF] 
   

   Renewable energy from organic waste - the biogas plant Stellinger ...

   www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/2009-en-franck-biogasplant-hamburg.pdf

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   Biogas plants in Germany 2005. Folie 4. • Approx. 3.800 plants in. Germany mainly in agriculture. • A lot of small plants in the south. • View large plants in the ...
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   SANITATION AND BIOGAS PRODUCTION

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   Root Treatment System. Storage for irrigation water. – to be pumped or used for irrigation by gravitation. Irrigation by gravity. Small Biogas Plant For Wastewater, ...
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   data sheets for ecosan projects 029 Compost and biogas plants for ...

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   Establishment of biogas plant con- tracting companies ... tion of concepts for biogas plants for waste and ... User training in handling biogas plants. • Training of ...
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    Agro-Industrial Biogas in Kenya

    www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/gtz2010-en-biogas-assessment-kenya.pdf

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    12.52 and 18,05 USD ct/kWhel for small scale biogas plants can be assumed ... framework for small-size biogas plants and takes a significant cost reduction with ...
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    The Biogas Market in Kenya Status Quo and Potentials

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    13 Nov 2009 – Biogas in Kenya – Status Quo. ► The biogas plant in Kilifi. ► Operator: Biogas Power Company (EA) Ltd.; joint venture Kilifi. Plantations (KE) ...
12. [PDF] 
    

    data sheets for ecosan projects 006 Biogas-ecosan project ...

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    Biogas Plant. Falls through the floor under the barn. Collected for the biogas plant. 1 General Data. Type of Project: Combined farm, households and restaurant ...
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    Worldwide list of documented ecosan projects by various ...

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    5 Sep 2011 – Sanitation block with biogas plant at G.K. Model High School in Dhirassharm under Gazipur Municipality. 2009. 650. 30. Bangladesh ...
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    Subscribe at www.gtz.de/newsletter

    www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/giz2011-en-energy-news18-may.pdf

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    delegation visited four biowaste fed biogas plants in the federal states of. Hesse and Lower Saxony. The operators of the state owned plants explained ...
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    Small-scale Electricity Generation from Biomass Part III: Vegetable Oil

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    „eco-charcoal‟, fertiliser, or biogas feedstock from the same plant. 3.7 Mozambique. In Mozambique there are ongoing activities to produce jatropha oil for the ...
16. [PDF] 
    

    Sustainable sanitation projects supported by German Ministry BMZ

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    17 Feb 2011 – Pour-flush toilets with biogas plant at. Dalit Shakti Kendra Training Institute. The German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and ...
17. [PDF] 
    

    Child Health and Sanitation

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    3. Heating. 4. Electricity generation ( “Combined heat and power plants” (CHP)) à If biogas is not used it should be flared because methane is a greenhouse gas ...
18. [PDF] 
    

    Gasifying of Wood

    www.gtz.de/.../gtz2010-en-small-scale-electricity-generation-from-bi...

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    eration. In Bavaria a biogas plant provider and operator installed an original gasifier plant from India. The idea was to make use of the woody biomass that is not ...
19. [PDF] 
    

    Modern Energy Services for Modern Agriculture

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    plants. Except for lighting, space heating and cooking with biogas, .... The electricity generation component of a biogas power plant does not require much ...
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    In Bavaria, Germany, a biogas plant provider and operator installed an original Ankur gasifier plant from India. The idea was to make use of that wood biomass ...
21. [PDF] 
    

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    23 Apr 2010 – DEWATS and biogas plants being used in public toilets and schools. Join Facebook page of ecosan network Kenya (to become a member, ...
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    Slide sem título

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    Criteria for economic operation of Biogas Plants. • Availability of ... studies we did the last 3 years for specific Biogas Plant projects in the agricultural sector of ...
23. [PDF] 
    

    Country Chapter: rwanda

    www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/gtz2009-en-regionalreport-rwanda.pdf

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    Households with two or more cows have the potential for a small biogas plant. A significant national domestic biogas program has been launched, staff has been ...
24. [PDF] 
    

    Overview of anaerobic treatment options for sustainable sanitation ...

    www.gtz.de/en/.../en-bgr-conference-biogas-ecosan-muench-2008.p...

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    Biogas can also be converted to electricity and heat (part of the heat can be used to heat the digester) →. “Combined heat and power plants”. (CHP). → If biogas ...
25. [PDF] 
    

    data sheets for ecosan projects 023 ACTS Eco-friendly Public Toilet ...

    www.gtz.de/.../en-ecosan-pds-023-india-bangalore-public-toilet-200...

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    posting trenches by a biogas plant for the hygienically safe treatment off faecal matter and recovery of biogas;. • Use of biogas as a substitute to LPG ...
26. [PDF] 
    

    develoPPP.de - Development Partnerships with the Private Sector

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    also created countless jobs and has spurred demand for biogas plants in India: by 2010 the project's planned capacity of 25 megawatts is due to be expanded to ...
27. [PDF] 
    

    Doing business!

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    potentials in East Africa during a workshop. Hamburg and Bremen, Germany. Investors of the Kenyan agro- industry visit large-scale biogas plants on a business ...
28. [PDF] 
    

    C:\prisma\GIZ Energy Newsletter_MENA _June2011.html

    www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/giz2011-en-energy-news19-june.pdf

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    currently analysing the regional potentials for the pilot biogas plants. "Biogas production offers great opportunities for modernization of agriculture and local ...
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    Introduction workshop gtz

    www.gtz.de/.../gtz2009-en-hofmann-biogas-introd... - Translate this page

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    16. Nov. 2009 – Introduction Session, Berlin. ►. Biogas Plant Barnstedt, dry fermentation. ► Thursday, 12.11.09. ►. Biogas Plant Hamburg, waste treatment. ► ...
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    17 Mar 2011 – Design policies and co-finance mechanisms supporting increased access to energy. - Support and train local stove and biogas plant installers ...
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    4 Palm oil Situation_GTZ March2010 [Kompatibilitätsmodus]

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    ashes from power plant – 30% of Potassium substitution of. Chemical Fertilizer. 30. Chemical Fertilizer. Biogas Power Plant, around 70 plants export electricity to ...
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    Experiences with ecosan systems to provide sustainable sanitation ...

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    Ecosan systems (UDDTs/biogas plants) received acceptance due to lack of odour, additional economic benefits and cost savings. 2. Need to develop ownership ...
33. [PDF] 
    

    Imprint - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit

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    biogas power plants, and market potential of. CDM biomass utilization. The first chapter outlines all available CDM methodologies and gives a comprehensive ...
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    German Biogas Association and GIZ launch cooperation ... Part 2 – Biogas 0.21 MB (English · version) ..... plant oils constitute a very viable option for off-grid ...
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    22 ecosan project examples. Promotion of UASB - Biogas Plants, Thailand ... 23 ecosan project examples. Promotion of larger scale biogas plants in Kenia ...
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    11 Nov 2009 – Combined Biogas Business and Study Trip from Kenya ... accelaration of PV and biogas, steady growth of wind ... Biogas. Plants in. Germany ...
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    Photos

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    designed conference T-shirt. Farm scale biogas plant in Bornhöved, excursion. Committed to ecosan. A very busy schedule – participants during the excursion ...
38. [PDF] 
    

    News - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit

    www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/gtz-en-ecosan-nl34-final.pdf

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    one year of operation on behalf of ICRC found that biogas plants are an appropriate solution for the combined treatment of blackwater and kitchen waste ...
39. [PDF] 
    

    From the past to the present

    www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/en-factsheet-general-afghanistan.pdf

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    Photo: Harald Mundt. Agriculture in Khenjan. Photo: Harald Mundt. Meeting to plan for a biogas plant. Photo: Sebastian Widmann. Literacy training for the police ...
40. [PDF] 
    

    develoPPP.report

    www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/gtz2010-en-developpp-report-29.pdf

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    expertise in feeding the whole lot into a biogas plant. His objective was to extract high-quality fertilisers and generate energy. Ever since China discovered that ...
41. [PDF] 
    

    ECOLOGICAL SANITATION - A NEED OF TODAY! PROGRESS OF ...

    www.gtz.de/.../en-innovative-ecosan-network-india-progress-text-20...

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    to a biogas plant for its hygienically safe treatment and recovery of valuable energy in ... (hydraulic volume of the biogas plant) has to be 45 m3 (considering a ...
42. [PDF] 
    

    Energising Development Report on Impacts

    www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/gtz2010-en-endev-report-on-impacts.pdf

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    velopment Programme” (PROAGRO) has disseminated more than 250 biogas plants and 17000 fuel wood burning cooking stoves for households and social ...
43. [PDF] 
    

    Impactreport

    www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/en-ir-less-pollution-biogas.pdf

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    biogas technology, given bad experience and unsuccessful imitation of foreign plant design without adaptation to national and local conditions. Strategy ...
44. [PDF] 
    

    Country Chapter: tanzania

    www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/gtz2009-en-regionalreport-tanzania.pdf

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    residential biogas plants for cooking purpose are currently in operation6. The conversion of biomass into biofuels is currently under development with eight ...
45. [PDF] 
    

    www.ecosan.no

    www.gtz.de/.../en-ecosan-norway-norwegian-development-cooperati...

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    Conversion to source separating systems building by building. • Construction of a biogas plant that receive blackwater, manure and organic household waste ...
46. [PDF] 
    

    Ecological Sanitation: Selected projects from Sub-Saharan Africa ...

    www.gtz.de/en/.../en-netssaf-conference-ecosan-projects-rued-2008.p...

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    2 million biogas plants installed and being used. ▪ 800 private biogas companies established and operational. ▪ 200 biogas appliances manufacturing ...
47. [PDF] 
    

    Folie 1

    www.gtz.de/.../en-vortrag2-software-tools-wind-power-prediction-20...

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    Fraunhofer IWES. Virtual Power Plant. Virtual combination of real power plants: ∎ Wind farm. ∎ Photovoltaic system. ∎ Biogas plant. ∎ …
48. [PDF] 
    

    Untitled

    www.gtz.de/.../gtz2009-en-renewable-energy-potential-bosnia-herze...

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    biomass plant and bio gas plants. 0,77. - geothermal plants and Wind power plants. 1,00. 18 Official Gazette of FBiH no. 32/2002. Concept. CONCESSION ...
49. [PDF] 
    

    ToR2 - Wind energy

    www.gtz.de/.../gtz2009-en-targetmarketanalysis-bioenergy-tanzania...

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    region has installed a biogas plant with capacity of generating 4 MW of electricity using sisal wastes at. Hale Sisal estate in Korogwe district, Tanga region ...
50. [PDF] 
    

    Technology review of constructed wetlands

    www.gtz.de/.../giz2011-en-technology-review-constructed-wetlands...

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    Role of plants in subsurface flow CWs . .... Biogas emissions during pre-treatment . ..... Overview of some possible plants which can be used in subsurface flow ...
51. [PDF] 
    

    Country Chapter: republiC of uzbekistan

    www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/gtz2009-en-regionalreport-uzbekistan.pdf

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    A pilot demonstration biogas plant was set up at a cat- tle farm in the Tashkent region as well as a Training Cen- tre of Biogas Technologies. The production of ...
52. [PDF] 
    

    Country Chapter: uganda

    www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/gtz2009-en-regionalreport-uganda.pdf

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    geries could support several thousand larger biogas plants to cater for their own thermal and electricity needs. 4.2 Solar energy. The average solar radiation is ...
53. [PDF] 
    

    News - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit

    www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/gtz2010-en-ecosan-nl35.pdf

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    1 Mar 2010 – Project information on biogas digester by BORDA-SEA (PDF; 0.2MB) ..... urine to enable safe recycling of their nutrients for plant production in ...
54. [PDF] 
    

    Accounting for Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Energy-related Projects

    www.gtz.de/de/.../gtz2008-en-climate-ghg-emissions-accounting.pdf

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    Electricity generation from biogas and biomass systems in POMs in Thailand ... Power Plant Optimisation in China – Environmental Protection in the Energy ...
55. [PDF] 
    

    9 session e

    www.gtz.de/en/.../en-ecosan-symposium-luebeck-session-e-2004.pdf

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    by P Wilderer - Related articles
    Lübeck, Germany in combination with a biogas plant (Otterpohl, 2003). Other proje cts for urban areas are in the planning phase, e.g. in Wageningen, Holland ...
56. [PDF] 
    

    Antwort GA IYS 1610922 EN

    www.gtz.de/.../en-german-parliament-answer-major-interpellation-iys...

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    Examples include household biogas plants in Nepal which take in toilet sewage and dung from cows and then supply cooking gas for the family as well as ...
57. [PDF] 
    

    11 session g

    www.gtz.de/en/.../en-ecosan-symposium-luebeck-session-g-2004.pdf

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    treatment with bio waste in a biogas plant, biogas utilisation by the equipment of the energy concept, transport of the digested sludge to the farmer nearby and ...
58. [PDF] 
    

    Sustainable Sanitation in India

    www.gtz.de/en/.../en-ecosan-sustainablesanitation-india-2008.pdf

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    (left) Biogas is used for cooking (R) Biogas plant with sludge drying beds (L) .................................... 19. Figure 12: A combined model of simple pour-flush latrine ...
59. [PDF] 
    

    ecosan – newsletter - no. 26 - 11/2007 -

    www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/en-ecosan-nl26-2007.pdf

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    strategies as important innovative concepts mentioning for example urine separation and biogas plants. A SuSanA information table provided info-material and ...
60. [PDF] 
    

    BIOMASS ENERGY STRATEGY (BEST)GUIDE

    www.gtz.de/de/.../gtz2010-en-biomass-energy-strategy-outline.pdf

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    It includes trees, crops, algae, and other plants, as well as agricultural and forest residues (see ..... Woman using biogas for cooking, Rwanda. © GTZ. © GTZ ...
61. [PDF] 
    

    13 session i

    www.gtz.de/en/.../en-ecosan-symposium-luebeck-session-i-2004.pdf

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    vacuum toilets with vacuum-sewer system and anaerobic digestion with co-treatment of organic waste in a semi-centralised biogas-plant, recycling of digested ...
62. [PDF] 
    

    ecosan – newsletter - no. 18 - 11/2005 -

    www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/en-ecosan-nl18-2005.pdf

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    In the Acts Trust public toilet centre in Bangalore a new biogas plant, which has been designed and built by Suma Khadi Gramodyoga Sangha, a local NGO, has ...
63. [PDF] 
    

    Energy-policy Framework Conditions for Electricity Markets and ...

    www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/en-windenergy-marocco-study-2007.pdf

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    These include several wind farms, two hydro- electric power plants, a biodiesel project, several biogas facilities in the waste management sector and a project ...
64. [PDF] 
    

    Topicsheet

    www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/en-ecosan-topicsheet-2005.pdf

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    energy production in a biogas plant. In Botswana, a community based project established ecosan urine divert- ing dry toilets for individual households.
65. [PDF] 
    

    Folie 1

    https://www.gtz.de/.../giz2011-de-rauch1-pep-informationswork-ind...

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    24. Aug. 2011 – Stufen zur Ökoeffizienz von Palmölmühlen. Selling from BP. Steam turbine. Bio gas plant. CHP gas engine. LP cond.turbine. Condensing ...
66. [PDF] 
    

    Contact | Recommend this newsletter Quarterly newsletter on ...

    www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/giz2011-en-ecosan-nl39.pdf

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    22 Mar 2011 – and faeces, basics of soil genesis, nutritional requirements of plants, research results on biogas and high temperature composting. top ...
67. [PDF] 
    

    004 Ecological housing estate Lübeck Flintenbreite Lübeck, Germany

    www.gtz.de/.../en-ecosan-pds-004-germany-luebeck-flintenbreite-20...

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    Biogas plant in mesophile operation. (37°C) with preliminary hygienisation. (1 hour at 70°C). • Distribution of volume and nutrients of grey and blackwater in ...
68. [PDF] 
    

    Zur Erklärung:

    www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/en-ecosan-nl25-2007.pdf

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    sanitation unit with pour-flush toilets connected to a biogas plant, a urinal centre for urine collection,. UDDTs as emergency toilets and simple biological systems ...
69. [PDF] 
    

    data sheets for ecosan projects 007 Oeko-Technik-Park Hannover ...

    www.gtz.de/.../en-ecosan-pds-007-germany-hannover-oekotechnikp...

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    biogas plant or a tank truck for reuse in agriculture. 6. Waterless urinals. In the school toilets two communal waterless urinals have been installed. In contrast to ...
70. [PDF] 
    

    Energy-policy Framework Conditions for Electricity Markets and ...

    www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/en-windenergy-morocco-study-2004.pdf

    File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat - Quick View
    of biogas plants presently installed in Morocco at 300. Solar Energy. Despite excellent solar irradiation conditions (with daily average insolation of 5 kWh/m2), ...
71. [PDF] 
    

    Energy-policy Framework Conditions for Electricity Markets and ...

    www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/en-windenergy-georgia-study-2004.pdf

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    Project proposal for biogas plants. A biogas project was proposed for Georgia within the framework of the Eastern Climate Change Network. (ECCN).
72. [PDF] 
    

    D.B. Panse

    www.gtz.de/.../en-innovative-ecosan-network-india-progress-pres-20...

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    (hydraulic volume of the biogas plant) has to be ca. 45 m3 (considering a hydraulic retention time of 30 days). 20. Biogas production: Calculation of daily biogas ...
73. [PDF] 
    

    Energy-policy Framework Conditions for Electricity Markets and ...

    www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/en-windenergy-tunisia-study-2007.pdf

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    biogas plant was set up at a cattle breeding farm in Sidi. Thabet for training purposes. The national energy agency's biogas programme also mentions 50 small ...
74. [PDF] 
    

    Energy-policy Framework Conditions for Electricity Markets and ...

    www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/en-windenergy-pakistan-study-2004.pdf

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    of mini-hydropower, biogas plants, solar cookers and small wind energy conversion systems for driving water pumps, NIST was more involved in the research, ...
75. [PDF] 
    

    Energy-policy Framework Conditions for Electricity Markets and ...

    www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/en-windenergy-jamaica-study-2004.pdf

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    and Energy, as it was at the time. 41 biogas plants were built as part of that scheme. The GTZ has promoted biogas projects run by the Department for Waste ...
76. [PDF] 
    

    Energy-policy Framework Conditions for Electricity Markets and ...

    www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/en-windenergy-pakistan-study-2007.pdf

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    promoting the use of biogas in 1974. By 1987 more than 4100 biogas plants had been installed, in a number of phases. However, as the last phase no longer ...
77. [PDF] 
    

    Untitled - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit

    www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/en-windenergy-jordan-study-2002.pdf

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    Use of biogas. Another considerably smaller biogas plant, which is currently under con- struction, uses residues from olives for generating electricity. The project ...
78. [PDF] 
    

    ecosan – newsletter - no. 20 - 05/2006 -

    www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/en-ecosan-nl20-2006.pdf

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    diverting dry toilets, 6 household biogas plants, a urine-diverting dry public toilet and a water tower for a local primary school. The project was welcomed by the ...
79. [PDF] 
    

    Energy-policy Framework Conditions for Electricity Markets and ...

    www.gtz.de/de/.../en-windenergy-bangladesh-study-2007.pdf

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    As of 2004, some 25000 biogas plants had been installed ... Promotion and financing of biogas plants ... consumers to build biogas plants, and applications for ...
80. [PDF] 
    

    ecosan – newsletter - no. 15 - 2/2005 -

    www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/en-ecosan-nl15-2005.pdf

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    The CEEIC designed and constructed the new biogas plant which was funded by the. Chinese Government. After the completion of the plant, the produced ...
81. [PDF] 
    

    Palm Oil Mill

    https://www.gtz.de/.../2011-de-koerber-pep-informationswork-indon...

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    6 Integriertes Energiekonzept. Waste water. Heat. Electricity. Biogas. CHPP. Solid wastes. Trunks, fronds. Electricity, heat. Power Plant. SPP / Cogen. Optimized ...
82. [PDF] 
    

    Präsentation IWRM/ Access to sanitation/ ecosan

    www.gtz.de/de/.../gtz2010-de-epp-kenya-rieck.pdf - Translate this page

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    5. Okt. 2010 – Public toilet with biogas plant and water kiosk, Naivasha, Kenya. ▪ UDDTs implemented by Water Services Trust Fund, Kenya. ▪ SuSanA videos ...
83. [PDF] 
    

    Energy-policy Framework Conditions for Electricity Markets and ...

    www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/en-windenergy-tunisia-study-2004.pdf

    File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat - Quick View
    duces approximately 200 m3 of biogas, which it converts into 300 kWh of electricity. A small biogas plant was set up at a cattle breeding farm in Sidi Thabet for ...
84. [PDF] 
    

    C:\prisma\GTZ Energy Newsletter.html

    www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/gtz2010-en-energy-news15-october.pdf

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    15 Oct 2010 – Part 2 – Biogas 0.21 MB (English version). Part 3 of the paper series covering plant oil for power generation will be available by the end of this ...
85. [PDF] 
    

    TECHNOLOGY X

    www.gtz.de/en/.../gtz2010-en-technology-review-composting-toilets...

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    Cited by 1
    14 Sep 2010 – off-site – in a composting or biogas plant. Some systems use urine diversion; others collect both urine and faeces in bins that usually need ...
86. [PDF] 
    

    CDM Highlights 101

    www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/en-climate-cdm-highlights-102.pdf

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    4 out of 11 review cases were rejected: a greenfield coal power plant, a coal power plant retrofit, fuel switch, and power generation from wastewater biogas.
87. [PDF] 
    

    GTZ InDesign-Vorlage für Publikationen – DIN A4 hoch

    www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/gtz2009-en-terna-vietnam.pdf

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    energy utilization and the use of small biogas plants. 16.6 market potential for wind energy. Wind energy potential. Vietnam's wind energy potential is ...
88. [PDF] 
    

    ecosan – newsletter - no. 5 - 07/2002 -

    www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/en-ecosan-nl05-2002.pdf

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    the first biogas plant was started up at the end of last year in an energy-intensive horticultural enterprise. It forms part of a closed-loop resource management ...
89. [PDF] 
    

    Untitled - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit

    www.gtz.de/.../en-gtz-china_cdm_sector_study_waste_water_2009.p...

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    plants, and market potential of CDM waste water ... treatment plants in operation and currently ..... Figure 9: Utilization of biogas from sewage sludge treatment.
90. [PDF] 
    

    Final Report

    www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/en-Study-Trigeneration-in-India.pdf

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    2.2. Cogeneration/Trigeneration Systems in the Building Sector .......................................... 6. 2.3. Overall Installed Capacity of Non-Utility Gas Based Power Plant .
91. [PDF] 
    

    GTZ InDesign-Vorlage für Publikationen – DIN A4 hoch

    www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/gtz2009-en-terna-tunisia.pdf

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    of renewable energies. Financial incentives have been significantly expanded with. Décret 2009-362, mainly RE in agriculture, PV systems, biogas plants, etc.
92. [PDF] 
    

    data sheets for ecosan projects 014 Humification of sewage sludge ...

    www.gtz.de/en/.../en-ecosan-pds-014-egypt-nawaq-2005.pdf

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    Address: Sewage treatment plants Nawaq and El ... plan their own sewage treatment plants. One aspect .... anaerobic digestion and biogas produc- tion or as ...
93. [PDF] 
    

    1_REA_Kenya rural electrification masterplan

    www.gtz.de/.../gtz2010-en-rea-kenya-rural-electrification-masterplan...

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    Existing hydropower plants contribute about 761 MW. (55%) of national ... Biogas. • REA is currently developing two Pilot projects on biogas exploitation in two ...
94. [PDF] 
    

    GTZ InDesign-Vorlage für Publikationen – DIN A4 hoch

    www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/gtz2009-en-terna-analysis-complete.pdf

    File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat
    Biogas recovery and thermal energy production in CIT-. RUSVIL plant (plant for citric products manufacture). Cevil Pozo –. Province of. Tuscumán. Energy indus- ...
95. [PDF] 
    

    GTZ Energy News No. 10, February 09

    www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/en-energy-news10-february-2009.pdf

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    9 Feb 2009 – education. Discussions sessions covered topics such as carbon trading for household energy, biogas or plant oil as alternatives to firewood, ...
96. [PDF] 
    

    Energy-policy Framework Conditions for Electricity Markets and ...

    www.gtz.de/de/.../en-windenergy-bosnia-herzegovina-study-2004.pd...

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    0.77. 1.00. 1.10. Energy source. Small-scale hydropower plants. Landfill-gas and biogas plants. Wind and geothermal power plants. Photovoltaic installations ...
97. [PDF] 
    

    5 session a

    www.gtz.de/en/.../en-ecosan-symposium-luebeck-session-a-2004.pdf

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    by I Andersson - Related articles
    A study will be carried out regarding the optimization of existing treatment plants. They will be evaluated concerning the production of biogas, production of N-, ...
98. [PDF] 
    

    CDM Highlights 101

    www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/en-climate-cdm-highlights-101.pdf

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    Watch has shot off a broadside against coal power plants whose effects still need to be .... lead with 53 PoAs, followed by renewables (53) and biogas (45).
99. [PDF] 
    

    Country Chapter: Kyrgyz republiC

    www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/gtz2009-en-regionalreport-kyrgyzstan.pdf

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    There are around fifty biogas installations in the country. Half of them are operational, the rest is idle. Most of the plants with a capacity of 2–40 m3 have been ...
100. [PDF] 
     

     2009_GTZ_SGS_Sustainable Biomass Thailand

     www.gtz.de/de/.../gtz2009-en-sgs-sustainable-biomass-thailand.pdf

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     Mill 2: Management documents related to public issues were publicly available such as a plan of a new Biogas plant. A public seminar had been provided on the ...